So, first you will need the following researh:

Large Shuttle - (I prefer Large Shuttles because they can carry more resources than a small Shuttle, but you can use a small one; you'll just need to make several trips back and forth.

Enclosed 1-Seat - This should be self-explanitory. You gotta pilot this somehow.
- If you are in Multiplayer and want to bring a friend or two, then research the Enclosed 3-Seat

Optional: Large Storage - This lets you carry several more base modules/items at once for cheap (only 4 Compound)

Habitat - This lets you start making a base. (Currently it's not *required* per say, since the Shuttle does produce Oxygen; but it does also provide a beacon and place to hide if there's a storm.)

Medium Storage Rack - This is a standard thing to have anywhere for storage, but in this case it does 2 things:
I) Lets you bring some Compound, Resin, Etc. to build some basic modules
II) Lets you have some extra storage for your new base

The planets will be organized based on the order I recommend to visit them in, but you can visit them in whatever order you want to.

The first place you'll notice is Barren, the moon of Terran (The planet you start on) and it's a good first start.



On Barren, the gravity is low and there is no weather. There's also a good amount of discoveries to make. It takes around 3 minutes for the entire day/night cycle to elapse.

Commonly, you'll find Laterite, Malachite, Resin, Coal and Compound

Rarly, you'll find Lithium, Titanium and AMmonium.

Because Ammonium is rare, I recommend having a full fuel tank before going to Barren.

Barren is mostly used to easily farm Laterite, Malachite and Research since they're all common.

Arid is a good 2nd planet, but it constantly has storms riddled with Tumblespikes
The average day/night cycle is ~13 Minutes, so SOlar Panels won't work as well here





HAZARDS:
Tumblespikes:


They're really more annoying than anything, but if you're able to catch them you can get Droplet (Also called Purple) Organic. This is identical to regular Organic though. If you want to harvest them, it's best to use an Inhibitor mod so that you don't damage the terrain



RESOURCE BREAKDOWN:

Common: Titanium, Lithium, Laterite. Commonly on the Surface and in Caves. You'll need a Crane[astroneer.gamepedia.com] with a Drill Head[astroneer.gamepedia.com] attached to harvest Lithium and Titanium.

Uncommon: Malachite, Ammonium, Organic - Organic can be found on the Surface, but Tumblespieks are probably you're best bet. Since Coal is common, you can use a Medium Generator [astroneer.gamepedia.com]and some WInd Turbines[astroneer.gamepedia.com] to make power.

Rare: Hematite, Compound, Resin. Hematite is currently useless, so you can just stockpile or ignore it. Since Compound and Resin are both needed in large amounts, it's good to use a Trade Platofmr and/or Mineral Extractor to replenish your suppies as they run low.

Exotic can be visitied whenever, but I'd say visit it 2nd to last due to the odd geography



Exotic (as mentioned) has very weird geography:



This is the norm on Exotic, but the caves are easy to find and rich in resources.

HAZARDS:
Exploders and Spikers, just like Terran's


RESOURCE BREAKDOWN:

Exotic will choose some resources to become Common, and the other becomes Rare. In other words, it's got mostly randomized resources

Common: Coal, Organic, Malachite or Laterite (Whichever isn't common becomes rare), Lithium or Titanium

Uncommon: Compound, Ammonium, Resin

Rare: Malachite or Laterite, Lithium or Titanium, Astronium

Exotic can be used to easily farm whichever resource is Common, and research is fairly easy to find

Tundra can be visited whenever, but I recommend visting it after Arid


The average day/night cycle is ~20 minutes, so Solar Panels can be used fairly well. The palce is very windy too, so Wind Turbines can be used

Tundra's geography is cold and full of mountains, but the temperature doesn't affect much player and base-wise

HAZARDS:
Storms happen fairly often, so be prepared
Falling to your death

RESOURCE BREAKDOWN:
Common: Ammonium (surface), Malachite, Laterite, Marbles

Uncommon: Titanium (surface), Coal, Lithium (surface), Resin (surface), Compound

No rare resources

Research is pretty easy to find as wlel, but Marbles are very common (though useless)

NOTE: MOTION SICKNESS CAN BE INDUCED (IF YOU'RE SUSCEPTIBLE TO IT) BECAUSE OF THE FAST SKYBOX ROTATION SPEED

Radiated is a good planet to visit last, since it's very dangerous


The average day/night cycle is ~20 minutes, so you can use Solar Panels to make power.

Radaited also has storms, these ones aren't as deadly as on Terran though; but it is still good to take cover when they happen.

HAZARDS:
Worms - Worms are all over the surface, they cannot be killed but you can cover them up with Soil.



RESOURCE BREAKDOWN:

Common: Astronium, Coal, Laterite, Malachite - Astronium is currently only useful to trade with and research, each one provides 5k Bytes and counts as 8* Compund

Uncommon: Compound, Lithium, Titanium

Rare: Resin - Highly advised to bring base parts with you

*Not verified yet since I haven't been able to re-test prices