This guide is meant for super early game stage.

You'll be presented 3 sections, all critical for understanding the game:
I. Regular patients
II. Patients without any symptoms and how to deal with them
III. Special narrative patients

TLDR? Here's a quick summary:
You can't heal every patient. The game will give you correct tools later in the game.
Sign their card without any treatment and move on.

I. Regular patients
By regular patients we understand those, who come in the office and tell us exact symptoms.
This can be for example a bad cough, runny stomach, anger issues.
All of these point to an exact medication needed for proper treatment.

You will easily heal the patient by identifying the symptom and administering the right drug.

II. Patients without any symptoms and how to deal with them
By patients without any symptoms we understand those, who don't describe their current state, however are considered sick.
Their part of dialogue may look like "Doctor, I don't know what's wrong; I'm feeling really sick..." Any of these sentences will not point you to ANY correct healing method.

Later in the game (I think day 4 or 5) you'll gain access to alternative medicine, that'll point to the right medicine.
However this early in the game you have zero clues what is the right medicine. This makes it very difficult to treat the patient.
The game is teaching you you cannot help everyone, which is important in the mid game.

You can always guess the correct medicine, if you opt for a little risky approach. Keep in mind the patient might get worse or even die, lowering your reputation significantly and costing you time and medicine, therefore money. On the other hand you might guess the correct medication, but I'd say it is not worth the risk.

If you wish for more grounded approach, you can just sign the patients card without any treatment. They will not pay you and your reputation will be slightly lowered, however you can invest your time and drugs into other (more safe) patients.

III. Special narrative patients
I won't say much as this might be considered as spoiler, although keep in mind any visitors before 8am or 8pm (the clock will stop) are considered as story movers. Based on your reaction on their actions, the story might differ later in the game.

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