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Flag of Mongolia

Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south and southeast. It covers an area of 1,564,116 square kilometres (603,909 square miles), with a population of 3.5 million, making it the world's most sparsely populated sovereign state. Mongolia is the world's largest landlocked country that does not border an inland sea, and much of its area is covered by grassy steppe, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to roughly half of the country's population.

The territory of modern-day Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, the First Turkic Khaganate, the Second Turkic Khaganate, the Uyghur Khaganate and others. In 1206, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous land empire in history. His grandson Kublai Khan conquered China proper and established the Yuan dynasty. After the collapse of the Yuan, the Mongols retreated to Mongolia and resumed their earlier pattern of factional conflict, except during the era of Dayan Khan and Tumen Zasagt Khan.

In the 16th century, Tibetan Buddhism spread to Mongolia, being further led by the Manchu-founded Qing dynasty, which absorbed the country in the 17th century. By the early 20th century, almost one-third of the adult male population were Buddhist monks. After the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolia declared independence, and achieved actual independence from the Republic of China in 1921. Shortly thereafter, the country became a satellite state of the Soviet Union. In 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic was founded as a socialist state.[12] After the anti-communist revolutions of 1989, Mongolia conducted its own peaceful democratic revolution in early 1990. This led to a multi-party system, a new constitution of 1992, and transition to a market economy.

Approximately 30% of the population is nomadic or semi-nomadic; horse culture remains integral. Buddhism is the majority religion (51.7%), with the nonreligious being the second-largest group (40.6%). Islam is the third-largest religious identification (3.2%), concentrated among ethnic Kazakhs. The vast majority of citizens are ethnic Mongols, with roughly 5% of the population being Kazakhs, Tuvans, and other ethnic minorities, who are especially concentrated in the western regions. Mongolia is a member of the United Nations, Asia Cooperation Dialogue, G77, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, Non-Aligned Movement and a NATO global partner. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade groups.

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Mongolian National Anthem:
(ENG)
Our sacred independent country
Is the ancestral hearth of all Mongols,
May all of the world's good deeds
Prosper and continue for eternity.

Our country will strengthen relations
With all righteous countries of the world.
With all our will and might
Let us celebrate our beloved Mongolia!

Our great nation's symbol blesses us
And the people's fate supports us
Let us pass on our ancestry, culture and language
From generation to generation.

The brilliant people of the brave Mongolia
Have gained freedom and happiness.
The key to delight and the path to success,
Long live our glorious country.

(MON)
Дархан манай тусгаар улс
Даяар монголын ариун голомт
Далай их дээдсийн гэгээн үйлс
Дандаа энхжиж,[d] үүрд мөнхжинө.

Хамаг дэлхийн шударга улстай
Хамтран нэгдсэн эвээ бэхжүүлж
Хатан зориг, бүхий л чадлаараа
Хайртай Монгол орноо мандуулъя.

Өндөр төрийн минь сүлд ивээж
Өргөн түмний минь заяа түшиж
Үндэс язгуур, хэл соёлоо
Үрийн үрдээ өвлөн бадраая.

Эрэлхэг Монголын золтой ардууд
Эрх чөлөө жаргалыг эдлэв
Жаргалын түлхүүр, хөгжлийн тулгуур
Жавхлант манай орон мандтугай.

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