There are no universal acronyms. Your best bet for those that aren't intuitive would be to leave a comment on the workshop page for the BP in question. Most authors will respond pretty quick to someone showing interest in one of their builds (if they are still active on line)

Two main places to look are on the mod page, or in-game look for LCD Screens under Devices tab. That's where I drop my info on everything, iirc JRandall and other major creators do as well in many cases.

If that doesn't work, comment on a mod page, it does notify people so you typically get responses.

I use PT for Pentaxid Tank, SHL for Shield if I need too, WARP for Warp Drive, but the abbreviations aren't really standard and vary per person.

APT and SPT are new items added by Vermillion and Ravien for Reforged Eden 2. They take the place of the awkward way of saving power using Solar panels used in Reforged Eden 1.

APT = Advanced Plasma Turbine
SPT = Standard Plasma Turbine

Here is a somewhat useful site with many details about Empyrion Galactic Survival:

https://empyrionbuddy.com/items

For Reforged Eden 2, they have their own discussion section and will respond right away here:

https://steamhost.cn/steamcommunity_com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=3143225812

I would therefore assume SFR=Small Fusion Reactor