First, the Emperor's Finest.

Space Marines

Infantry
If Infantry have 'upgradable armor' (shown via normal number/upgraded number xx/xx), it occurs via the 2nd health upgrade which grants 20 extra armor to most infantry rather than additional health.

Servitor
Armor - 25 (Normal)
Penetration values:
Slap - 10

Useless in combat. These values are only there so it has a CHANCE of actually causing any sort of damage, ever XD

Combat Servitor
Same as Servitor. Literally comprises 2 servitors and 2 scouts as a squad, sharing traits with those.

Scouts
Armor - 30/50 (Normal)
Penetration values:
Bolter - 35
Combat Knife - 20
Sniper Rifle - 75

Tactical Marines
Armor - 45/65 (Normal)
Penetration values:
Bolter - 40
Combat Knife - 25
Sergeant's Bolt Pistol - 40
Sergeant's Chainsword - 50
Flamer - 25
Plasma Gun - 55
Storm Bolter - 45
Missile Launcher - 200
Frag Grenade - 50

Assault Marines
Armor - 45/65 (Normal)
Penetration Values:
Chainsword - 45
Sergeant's Chainsword - 50
Bolt Pistol - 35
Sergeant's Bolt Pistol - 40
Power Sword - 95
Sergeant's F***ing FIST - 95

Initially it was supposed to be a power sword. Forgot to add the animator. Now he punches with a vengeance when the squad is upgraded with power swords (otherwise uses chainsword).

Power fists are for ♥♥♥♥♥♥♥.

Devastator Marines
Armor - 45/65 (Normal)
Penetration values:
Heavy Bolter - 45
Lascannon - 175
Aura of please go away (melee) - 15

Imperial Guardsmen
Armor - Military Grade Hoodie
Penetration values:
Flashlight - 30
Combat stick - 15

House Varlock Guard
Armor - At least 1 knee guard
Penetration values:
Laser pointer - still 30
Pocket sand - 15

Conscripts
Armor - Standard issue "I <3 The Emperor" T-Shirt
Penetration Values:
Directional lantern - 30
Swiss army rock - 15

No seriously, conscripts actually use identical weaponry to the standard Guardsmen. They just don't ever hit. Ever. (Once in a while.)

Honour Guard
Armor - 50/70 (Normal)
Penetration Values:
Bolter - 45
Combat Knife - 25
Frag Grenade - 50
Close Combat Support Loadout
Chainsword - 50
Power Sword - 95
Bolt Pistol - 45
Heavy Support Loadout
Kraken Rounds Heavy Bolter - 105
Inferno Rounds Heavy Bolter - 45
Politely Asking You to Leave (melee): 25

Terminators
Armor - 125 (Heavy)
Penetration Values:
Storm Bolter - 45
Power Fist - 125
Assault Cannon - 60
Cyclone Missile - 150

Assault Terminators
Armor - 125 (Heavy)
Penetration Values:
Thunder Hammer - 100

Tartaros Terminators
Armor - 205 (Heavy)
Penetration Values:
Daemon Hammer - 175
Backflip - 200

Vehicles & Structures
Vehicles and structures get an upgrade of 25 armor at health 3, which will again be represented like with the infantry. Imperial Knights are not affected by this and instead get a 50 armor bonus with their unique upgrade. Dreadnoughts also have an upgrade adding 10 armor which is reflected.

Rhino (metal bawx)
Armor - 150/175 front, 75/100 rear (Heavy)
Penetration Values:
Totally a razorback turret (Twin-linked Lascannon) - 200

Whirlwind
Armor - 150/175 front, 75/100 rear (Heavy)
Penetration Values:
Frag Missiles - 90

Predator
Armor - 200/225 front, 125/150 rear (Heavy)
Penetration Values:
Autocannon - 100
Twin-Linked Lascannon - 250
Heavy Bolter Sponson - 45
Lascannon Sponson - 175

Land Speeder
Armor - 100/125 (Heavy)
Penetration Values:
Assault Cannon - 60
Multi-Melta - 200
Heavy Bolter - 45

Dreadnought
Armor - 175/210 (Heavy)
Penetration Values:
Power Fist - 180
Heavy Flamer - 50

Venerable Dreadnought
Armor - 180/215 (Heavy)
Penetration Values:
Power Fist - 200
Heavy Flamer - 50
Plasma Cannon - 200

Imperial Knight Paladin
Armor - 250/300 (Heavy)
Penetration Values:
Rapid-Fire Battle Cannon - 300
Reaper Chainsword - 300
Heavy Stubber - 45

Imperial Knight Crusader
Armor - 250/300 (Heavy)
Penetration Values:
Avenger Gatling Cannon - 150
A good hard smack on the head (melee) - 150 (it's still a massive ♥♥♥♥♥♥♥ cannon)
Heavy Stubber - 45
Heavy Flamer - 50
Ironstorm Missile - 250

Imperial Knight Errant
Armor - 250/300 (Heavy)
Penetration Values:
Thermal Cannon - 300
Reaper Chainsword - 300
Heavy Stubber - 45

Structures

Stronghold
Armor - 225/250 (Heavy)

Barracks
Armor - 200/225 (Heavy)

Doctrine Chapel
Armor - 200/225 (Heavy)

Arsenal
Armor - 200/225 (Heavy)

Machine Cult
Armor - 200/225 (Heavy)

Communications Array
Armor - 200/225 (Heavy)

Beacon
Armor - 50/75 (Normal)

Tarantula Turret
Armor - 60/85 (Normal)
Penetration Values:
Twin-Linked Heavy Bolter - 50

Heavy Bolter Turret
Armor - 125/150 (Heavy)
Penetration Values:
Twin-Linked Heavy Bolter - 60

Listening Post
Armor - 70/90 (w/fortified upgrade +20) (Normal)
Penetration Values:
Twin-Linked Heavy Bolter - 55

Deathstorm Drop Pod
Armor - 90 (Heavy)
Penetration Values:
Assault Cannon - 75

Mine
Penetration Values:
Kaboom - 150

Heroes
Hero levels provide armor and penetration bonuses in addition to health, damage, regen, and speed. The specifics are:
Level 1 - +5 armor, +10% penetration
Level 2 - +10 armor, +15% penetration
Level 3 - +10 armor, +15% penetration
Level 4 - +15 armor, +20% penetration

The maximum added armor (40) is reflected in these values. Penetration is not because I'm lazy.

Force Commander
Armor - 55/95 (Normal)
Penetration Values:
Daemon Hammer - 100
Backflip - 150

Librarian
Armor - 45/85 (Normal)
Penetration Values:
Force Staff - 50 (melee or ranged)
Fury of the Ancients - 150

Chaplain
Armor - 55/95 (Normal)
Penetration Values:
Crozius - 50
Storm Bolter - 45
Baneblade Launcher - Yes