Just some ideas involving a fully fleshed out talent tree!

General Talents

Row 1:
Poacher - Gain 15% bonus EXP in monster and nest missions.
Salty Business - The first time you open a container, you have a 20% chance to find some extra salt in it.
Fast Food - Your speed with kitchen fabricators is increased by 50%.
Licensed Cook - You skill gain in Butchery and Cooking is increased by 100%.

Row 2:
Sink or Swim - Your swim speed is increased by 25%
Drunken Sailor - 75% resistance to stun while drunk. You are immune to the downsides of drunkenness.
Baker's Strength - You can drag character's at full speed.
Herbology - Dismantling flora gives extra yield.

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Butcher Talents:

Row 1:
Slice and Dice - Increases your attack strength with butcher's armaments by 50%.
Lean Cut - Gives an increased chance of finding loot on monster bodies.

Row 2:
Wet Market Dealer - Sell raw meats for 25% more money. Purchasing raw meat is 25% cheaper.
Man-Eater - Unlocks Recipes related to Human Meat. Eating human meat gives you an HP regeneration buff.

Row 3:
Chew the Fat - You heal for 20% of the damage you take over time.
Bloodletting - You recover from physical ailments quicker.

Row 4:
Lambs to the Slaughter - Your attack and movement speed increases based on how low your HP is. Unlocks Recipe for Lacerator, a two-handed battery operated Circular Bone Saw.

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Chef Talents:

Row 1:
Flambé - You deal 20% more burn damage. Your immunity to burns is increased by 20%.
Savor the Flavor - Buffs from food/brews you make last 50% longer.

Row 2:
Spare Rations - Every round you survive, you spawn with 2 random ingredients.
Waste Not - 30% chance to not consume ingredients upon using kitchen fabricators.

Row 3:
Sashimi - Unlocks recipes involving Raw Meat, which provide buffs at a reduced duration.
Kitchen Essentials - Fuel Tanks you craft are of the highest quality.

Row 4:
Hell's Kitchen - You unlock recipes for the Frying Pan and Master Chef's Attire. The Frying Pan doubles as a weapon and mobile oven with using Incendium or welding fuel tanks. Attacking with fuel inserted will deal burn damage.

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Brewer Talents:
Preface - This assumes that players will be able to at some point use a sort of fermentation station or keg in their ship. Europan Moonshiners :)

Row 1:
Barfighter - While drunk, you deal 30% more blunt damage.
Choice Ferments - Fermentation yields more items, and is done 50% faster.

Row 2:
Iron Gut - Alcohol acts like Stabilozine and Pomegrenade Extract for you on consumption.
Europan Glassworks - Alcohols may be bottled in special throwable bottles to apply their effects at range.

Row 3:
Dragon's Breath - Unlocks the Recipe for a powerful spirit brewed with Incendium, which allows you to breath fire with the [Creature Attack] key once per brew.
Apothecary - Powerful brews can be created using mutant versions of plants, thrown bottles now apply their effects in addition to lacerations and bleeding to monsters.

Row 4:
Brewmaster - Being drunk grants you an additional 40% Maximum Health. While incapacitated and drunk, your drunkenness will be consumed to revive you and give you combat stimulant. While incapacitated, enemies will ignore you.